油漆挥发分爆炸特性及浓度检测装置设计研究

为了实现对喷涂车间内挥发分浓度的检测，进行20 L球形爆炸特性测试实验，分析了油漆挥发分主成分及爆炸特性，根据油漆挥发分受热易挥发遇冷易凝结的物理特性、采样器采样原理、滤膜增重法测量原理以及基于单机片C++软件程序编写的电路智能控制技术，设计1种喷涂车间挥发分浓度检测装置。研究结果表明:油漆挥发分主成分具有爆炸性，且随着油漆颗粒物浓度增大，爆炸压力也增加。设计的装置对挥发分的采集率都在90%以上，总采集率为93.1%~98.9%，装置能够较为准确地检测挥发分浓度。     

被动加标在水生生态风险评价中的应用——以多氯联苯分配系数的测定为例

准确的水生生态风险评价需要可靠的毒性数据,而其获取要求在一定时间范围内,水体中污染物的浓度保持恒定。对疏水性有机污染物进行水体生物毒性测试时,通常采用有机溶剂加标,然而该方式可能因为污染物的挥发和降解、容器壁吸附、生物摄取等问题,水体中污染物浓度持续下降,导致污染物的浓度-效应关系难以明确。近期为了克服这些问题,被动加标用于替代溶剂加标,通过污染物在加标体系中平衡分配来维持精确和恒定的水体浓度,同时还可通过测定加标聚合物中污染物的浓度来监测水体浓度。首先介绍了被动加标方法及其材料选择,讨论了该方法在生态风险评价中的主要应用,包括分配系数的测定、体外细胞测试、体内生物积累及毒性测试,以及沉积物毒性评价等。然后,以测定代表污染物多氯联苯在聚二甲基硅氧烷与水间的分配系数为例,详细说明被动加标的操作流程。最后,讨论了被动加标方法的优缺点,并对其在水生生态风险中的应用前景进行了展望。     

一种淡水大型底栖无脊椎动物采样器研究

研制出一种长方体的十字筐采样器,在采样器内分别填装石、砂、底泥和水草4种基质,利用大型底栖无脊椎动物对生境的选择性进行样本被动采集。基质越多,采样器采集的生物种类越多,生物量也更丰富。用新研制的十字筐采样器和传统的篮式采样器对松花江流域7个采样点进行大型底栖无脊椎动物对比采样,结果显示:十字筐采样器是一种优良的采样器,适合在松花江流域乃至全国推广应用。     

A real-time simulating non-isothermal mathematical model for the passive feed direct methanol fuel cell

In order to understand the complex transport phenomena in a passive direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), a theoretical model is essential. The analytical model provides a computationally efficient framework with a clear physical meaning. For this, a non-isothermal, analytical model for the passive DMFC has been developed in this study. The model considers the coupled heat and mass transport along with electrochemical reactions. The model is successfully validated with the experimental data. The model accurately describes the various species transport phenomena including methanol crossover and water crossover, heat transport phenomena, and efficiencies related to the passive DMFC. It suggests that the maximum real efficiency can be achieved by running the cell at low methanol feed concentration and moderate current density. The model also accurately predicts the effect of various operating and geometrical parameters on the cell performance such as methanol feed concentration, surrounding temperature, and polymer electrolyte membrane thickness. The model predictions are in accordance with the findings of the other researchers. The model is rapidly implementable and can be used in real-time simulation and control of the passive DMFC. This comprehensive model can be used for diagnostic purpose as well.     

便携式水质采样器的研制与应用

本文阐述了一种新型便携式水质采样器（实用新型专利ZL20082004001．9）的研制过程。介绍了采样器的工作原理、结构组成、技术特点,分析了其适用性。该采样器的主要优点是便携性好,使用方便,采样定位准确,所采水样均匀性好,并有效解决了低水位排污口的采样难题。     

巢湖沉积物有效磷的原位高分辨分析研究

将两种原位被动采样技术——高分辨平衡式间隙水(HR-Peeper)与氧化锆薄膜梯度扩散技术(Zr-oxide DGT)相结合,分别对巢湖西半湖7个点位溶解态反应性磷(cPW)和有效磷(cDGT)进行原位测定分析,cPW和cDGT在大部分沉积物剖面的分布相似或局部相似,说明不同深度沉积物固相有效磷组分对间隙水SRP的缓冲能力较接近.利用界面扩散通量和cDGT/cPW比值(R)表征沉积物磷的活性,从巢湖湖心向南淝河入湖口方向,界面以下6 mm的cPW、cDGT和扩散通量的变化基本一致,均呈递增趋势,表明沉积物磷的污染水平在增加;R值变化较小,说明沉积物界面处的缓冲能力差异不明显.     

DOM对被动采样技术的影响与应用

主要研究了不同浓度的天然溶解性有机物(DOM)对单片膜被动采样技术的影响.结果表明,DOM的存在会影响膜吸附有机污染物的能力:当lg KOW为3~5时,DOM对膜吸附有机物的影响较小;当lg KOW5.5时,DOM会显著增强膜的吸附能力.同时,通过低密度聚乙烯膜(LDPE)被动采样技术对太子河流域3个表层沉积物的孔隙水进行多环芳烃类(PAHs)和邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)监测.结果表明,所选取的几种目标污染物在各监测点均有不同程度的检出.最后,利用商值法对太子河流域的PAHs和PAEs进行生态风险评价.结果表明,荧蒽超过水生生态基准值,其生态风险较大.     

Mapping of tritium emissions using absorption vapour samplers

Püspökszilágy Radioactive Waste Treatment and Disposal Facility (RWTDF) is a typical near-surface engineered repository designated to store low- and intermediate-level wastes from various institutes, research facilities and hospitals in Hungary. Two automatic combined ¹⁴C–tritium sampling units installed at the facility sample the air 2 m above surface. The one installed near the vaults detects tritium (T) activities two orders of magnitude higher than the far reference sampling unit. To localize the T emissions, 19 small absorption vapour samplers filled with silica gel were settled onto the ground surface. After the saturation of the silica gel, the water was recovered and its T concentration was measured with a low-background liquid scintillation counter. The absorption vapour samplers are cheap, simple and easy-to-use. We present the samplers and the T distribution map constructed from the data, which helps to localize the T emission.     

顶空进样-气相色谱法测定大气中吡啶的研究

采用硫酸溶液为吸收液,顶空进样气相色谱法测定大气中的吡啶,毛细管柱分离,FID检测器分析。吡啶标准溶液在0～98.3 mg/L范围内线性良好,当采样体积为30 L时,最低检出质量浓度为0.006 mg/m³,标准溶液平行测定的RSD≤3.1%,加标回收率为95.3%～99.6%。     

Particle size distribution of airborne Aspergillus fumigatus spores emitted from compost using membrane filtration

Information on the particle size distribution of bioaerosols emitted from open air composting operations is valuable in evaluating potential health impacts and is a requirement for improved dispersion simulation modelling. The membrane filter method was used to study the particle size distribution of Aspergillus fumigatus spores in air 50 m downwind of a green waste compost screening operation at a commercial facility. The highest concentrations (approximately 8 × 10⁴ CFU m⁻³) of culturable spores were found on filters with pore diameters in the range 1–2 μm which suggests that the majority of spores are emitted as single cells. The findings were compared to published data collected using an Andersen sampler. Results were significantly correlated (p < 0.01) indicating that the two methods are directly comparable across all particles sizes for Aspergillus spores.